یرقان کو انگریزی میں جائنڈس کہا جاتا ہے۔ یہ جگر کی بیماریوں کی ایک اہم ترین علامت ہے۔ یرقان آنکھوں اور جلد کے پیلے ہو جانے سے تشخیص کیا جاتا ہے اسی باعث اس کو پیلیا بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ اس کی دیگر علامات میں مسوڑوں اور زبان کی رنگت تبدیل ہو کر پیلل یا سیاہی مائل ہو جانا شامل ہیں۔ اس کے علاوہ بھوک کی کمی، منہ کا تلخ ذائقہ، جلد پر دانے، کمزوری اور چڑچڑا پن شامل ہیں۔ بچوں میں پیدائش کے بعد یرقان کی علامات ظاہر ہو سکتی ہیں۔ اس بیماری کا علاج اور خوراک میں احتیاط اس سے نجات دلانے میں معاون ثابت ہوتے ہیں۔
General Physician, Psychiatrist, Internal Medicine Specialist, Diabetologist
MBBS, MRCP(UK), FRCP(London), FRCP(Glas), FRCP(Edin), FACP(USA)
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Internal Medicine Specialist, General Physician, Gastroenterologist, Diabetologist, Family Medicine
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Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) is a medical condition in which the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes turn yellow. The skin turns yellow because of a high quantity of bilirubin, a yellow-orange pigment produced by the liver. Bilirubin is produced by the natural breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs).
Jaundice can occur in people of all ages. It normally occurs due to any underlying medical condition. Older adults and newborns have the highest likelihood of getting jaundice.
It is not a disease itself but indicates any underlying condition related to the liver, gallbladder, etc.
For the diagnosis of jaundice, the top jaundice specialists in Pakistan prescribe blood tests. The doctor also takes a medical history and performs a physical examination to diagnose jaundice.
Some of the tests prescribed by a doctor to diagnose jaundice are as follows:
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Urine Test
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
Bilirubin Blood Tests
Hepatitis A, B, and C Tests
Ultrasound
CT Scan
ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
Liver Biopsy (In some cases)
There is no specific treatment for jaundice. It usually gets cured in 10-14 days. It is treated by diagnosing the underlying cause. Some of the common interventions taken are as follows:
Increase in Fluid Intake
Medications
Take Plenty of Rest
Take a Balanced and Healthy Diet
Topical Creams and Lotions for Itchy Skin
IV Therapy
Surgery in Case of Obstructive Jaundice
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Some of the common symptoms of jaundice include:
Yellowing of the Skin
Yellowing of the Whites of the Eye
Pale-Colored Stools
Fever
Dark Colored Urine
Chills
Itchy Skin
Nausea/Vomiting
Fatigue
Abdominal Pain
Loss of Appetite
Weight Loss
Abnormal Drowsiness
Bruising or Bleeding Easily
Jaundice is caused by bilirubin overproduction, metabolism, or excretion issues. However, it is important to understand the underlying causes of jaundice. Some of the common causes are as follows:
Infection of the Liver (Such as Hepatitis A, B, C, or E)
Birth defects such as Gilbert Syndrome, Rotor Syndrome, etc
Chronic Liver Diseases
Autoimmune Disorders
Inflammation of Gallbladder
Hemolytic Anemia
Gallstones
Cancer
Pregnancy
Blood disorders
Side Effects or Overuse of Certain Medications
Some Genetic or Heredity Conditions
Jaundice is often a result of an underlying condition that causes the production of too much bilirubin or the liver is getting rid of it properly. Both lead to the deposition of bilirubin in tissues.
The most common risk factors of jaundice are given below:
Usage of Illicit Drugs
Patients with Alcohol Liver Diseases
Exposure to Viral Infections like Hepatitis A and C
Long-Term Alcohol Consumption
Exposure to Industrial Chemicals
Usage of Medications that Cause Liver Diseases
Inflammation of the Bile Duct
Since there are many causes of jaundice, it is hard to take any specific preventive measures to avoid jaundice. Some of the general tips and tricks are as follows:
Take Balanced Diet
Take Alcohol in Moderation
Exercise Regularly
Practice Good Hygiene
Manage Cholesterol Levels
Get Vaccinated
Never Exchange Needles, Scissors, or Blades
Never Share Your Personal Care Products
Jaundice is mainly categorized into three main categories, which are as follows:
Pre-Hepatic Jaundice
In pre-hepatic jaundice, the red blood cells are excessively broken down and there is overproduction of bilirubin. Due to this, the ability of the liver to conjugate bilirubin overwhelms. Hence, the presence of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood causes jaundice.
Hepatocellular (Intrahepatic Jaundice)
In hepatocellular jaundice, dysfunction of hepatic cells occurs. The liver dysfunctions and loses its ability to conjugate bilirubin. It is caused by liver disease (cirrhosis), liver failure, hepatitis, etc.
Post-Hepatic Jaundice
Post-hepatic jaundice is also known as obstructive jaundice in which obstruction of biliary drainage occurs. In this condition, blockage of the normal passage of bile from the liver to the gut occurs and the bile couldn’t pass out.